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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00174_Field_frep134a.txt
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1996-12-30
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THE PHYSIOLOGY OF STEREOPSIS
If we want to know how
brain cells subserve stereopsis,
the simplest question we can
ask is whether cells exist
whose responses are
exquisitely dependent on the
relative horizontal positions of
images falling on the retinas of
the two eyes. We should begin
by discussing how cells in the
visual pathway respond when
the two eyes are stimulated
together. We are now talking
about cells in area 17 or
beyond, because retinal
ganglion cells are obviously
monocular, and geniculate
cells, because of the left-eye,
right-eye layering, are for all
intents and purposes
monocular: they respond to
stimulation of either one eye or
the other, but not both. In area
17 roughly half the cells are
binocular, responding to
stimuli in the left eye and to
stimuli in the right eye. When
tested carefully, most of these
binocular cells seem not to be
greatly concerned with the
relative positions of the stimuli
in the two eyes. Consider a
typical complex cell, which
fires continuously if a slit
sweeps across its receptive field
in either eye. When both eyes
are stimulated together, the
cell fires at a higher rate than
it does to separate eyes, but it
generally does not matter much
if at any instant the slits in the
two retinas fall on exactly the
same parts of the two receptive
fields. The best responses occur
if the slit enters and leaves
both eyes' receptive fields at
about the same time, but if it
enters one a little before or
after the other, it doesn't
matter very much. A typical
curve of response (say, total
number of spikes per pass)
versus difference in slit
position in the two eyes is
shown to the left. The curve is
rather flat, clearly indicating
that the relative position of the
slit in the two eyes is not very
important. This kind of cell
will fire well to an
appropriately oriented slit
whether it is at the distance
someone is looking, or is nearer
or farther away.
When both eyes are stimulated
together by a vertical slit of
light moving leftward, an
ordinary binocular cell in area
17 will have similar responses
to three different relative
alignments of the two eyes. Zero
disparity means that the two
eyes are lined up as they would
be if the monkey were looking
at the screen onto which the
stimuli are being projected. The
exact alignment makes little
difference in the response of
the cell.